血流感染是世界范围内发病率和死亡率最高的疾病之一，血流感染的早期诊断是启动正确抗感染治疗和干预措施的保证。血培养仍是目前诊断细菌性血流感染的金标准，但其阳性率低、耗时长，是快速诊断血流感染面临的难题。近年来，随着血流感染病原菌分子检测方法和生物标志物新技术的迅速崛起，其已被广泛用于临床检测和评估。因此，临床医生和实验室必须理解影响这些技术在临床应用中的价值和诊断准确性的关键因素和性能特征，以形成科学、适宜、互为补充的血流感染早期检测整体策略。

Bloodstream infection is one of the highest morbidity and mortality diseases in the world. Rapid and accurate identification of bloodstream infection and its causative organisms is a prerequisite for successful therapy. Blood culture remains the gold standard for diagnosis of bacterial bloodstream infection, but the low sensitivity and time-consuming are major challenges for rapid diagnosis of bloodstream infection. In recent years, molecular detection of bloodstream infection pathogens and biological markers have been developed and evaluated. With the rapid development of these new technologies, clinicians and laboratory must understand the key factors and characteristics affecting clinical application and diagnostic value of various techniques. A combination of conventional and novel methods may yield an enhanced rate of pathogen detection and the overall strategy for early diagnosis of bloodstream infection.