Streptococcus pneumoniae (S.pn), as the major pathogen of bacterial pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis and septicemia, its infection has always been a global health problem that cannot be ignored. In recent years, the growing virulence and resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae has posed an increasing threat to public health. New laboratory diagnostic approaches in the genomic field such as PCR and gene sequencing are gradually gaining attention. This article aims to provide reference for in-depth understanding of Streptococcus pneumoniae and seeking effective prevention and treatment measures by analyzing the etiology, adhesion and invasion modes, virulence factors, and existing laboratory diagnosis and prevention methods of Streptococcus pneumoniae.