To investigate the classification of 75 strains of non-TB mycobacteria isolated and identified in Kunming, and analyze the resistance of different types of non-TB mycobacteria to antibiotics, which provide a better basis for clinical differentiation and treatment.

Select patients admitted to the hospital from January 2017 to September 2019 in Kunming area. Sputum samples were collected and cultured by BD960 and Roche. The positive samples were detected by drug sensitivity test technique using Zhuhai silver 96-hole non-tuberculosis microporous plate. The drug sensitivity was judged according to the growth results of each drug-containing hole and the control hole.

The main non-TB mycobacteria isolated from the infected patients in Kunming were mainly bacillus (44 strains), followed by mycobacteria abscess (13 strains), intracellular mycobacteria (10 strains) and mycobacteria tortoise (8 strains). Of which male-dominated (67%), the proportion of patients aged 40 to 60 was as high as 56%, and the infection system was 52.6% lung infection. The drug with the highest rates of drug resistance were amine/sis, dosicycline, sulfonamide metformin and cephalosporin.

The main strains of non-TB mycobacteria in Kunming were bird mycobacteria, mainly found in patients with pulmonary infection. Different kinds of non-TB mycobacteria are different in their resistance to antibiotics, so it is more necessary to closely monitor the drug resistance and better guide the clinical use.

To analyze human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in Heilongjiang Province so as to provide some reference for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer.

A total of 23 types of HPV were detected by reverse dot hybridization (RPH) with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from 24 597 female cervical exfoliated cell specimens collected during January 2018 to October 2018.

The positive rate of HPV was 32.16%, among which the high-risk typeaccounted for 77.33%. There were significant differences among single type infection rate and multiple type infection rate (P<0.01). According to age, HPV was divided into six groups, and the positive rate was U-shaped curve. The top five types with higher infection rate were type 16, 52, 58, 53, 51, and the infection rate were 5.04%, 3.34%, 3.00%, 2.92% and 2.31% respectively.

HPV infection in women is mainly high-risk type, which is closely related to age. The infection rate of women under 30 years old and over 50 years old is significantly higher. This study provides some reference for the HPV detection and cervical cancer screening.

To investigate the distribution of gene mutation types of α、β-thalassemia in part regions of Jiangxi province (including Ganzhou, Nanchang, Yichun, Ji′an and Pingxiang), so as to provide reference basis for thalassemia prevention.

Blood samples from 3178 patients were collected. Gap-PCR and RDB-PCR method were used to detect the gene mutation of thalassemia samples.

In 3178 specimen, 1630 were detected as thalassemia carrier, including 915 were detected as α-thalassemia, accounting for 56.13%, 657 were detected as β-thalassemia, accounting for 40.31%, and 58 were α-thalassemia combined with β-thalassemia, accounting for 3.56%. The αα/--SEA mutation was the dominant type in α-thalassemia, the IVS-Ⅱ-654、CD41-42 heterozygous mutation were the dominant type in β-thalassemia, the --SEA/β-thalassemia mutation were the dominant type in α-thalassemia combined with β-thalassemia. There was no significant difference of thalassemia positive rate (χ²=0.021, 0.181, P>0.05) between the adult group and the infant group, the children group.

The carrying rate of gene mutation in thalassemia was relatively high in some areas of Jiangxi Province, great attention should be paid to this phenomenon. Premarital screening and prenatal diagnosis should be strengthened to provide effective guidance for the prevention of the birth of children with thalassemia.

To investigate the subtype distributions and epidemiological characteristics of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in Zhejiang Province and to provide evidence for early screening, prevention and diagnosis of male HPV infection.

A retrospective analysis of 4620 male swabs or tissue specimens of genital warts from 17 to 74 years old in Zhejiang Province during January 2014 to December 2016 was performed. Of the 4620 samples, 120 samples were out of the study because of insufficient cell volume, the remaining 4500 samples were divided into 6 groups according to the ages (268 in the 17 to 20-year-old group, 1958 in the 21 to 30-year-old group, 1156 in the 31 to 40-year-old group, 667 in the 41 to 50-year-old group, 355 in the 51 to 60-year-old group and 96 in the 60-year-old group). Twenty-three HPV genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse dot hybridization, then we analyzed the HPV positive rate distribution, HPV positive rate difference and high and low risk HPV infection characteristics.

Of the 4500 samples, 2799 were positive for HPV with positive rate was 62.2%. Among them, type 6 and 11 HPV is the most prevalent, which account for 15.58% (436/2799) and 10.00% (280/2799) respectively. The most prevalent high-risk HPV type was type 52, accounting for 4.72% (132/2799). Of the 2799 HPV DNA-positive individuals, 1266 were single infections. Mixed infections occurred in 1533 cases, accounting for 44.26%. The highest single low-risk type was triple infection, the highest single high-risk type was quadruple infection, while the high-risk mixed infection reached seven, of which seven infections accounted for 2.25% (63/2799 cases).. The number of high-risk mixed infections was higher than that of high-risk and low-risk. Statistically significant difference was found between the two groups (χ²=28.1, and 82.8, respectively, P<0.05). HPV positive results were mainly found in young adults aged 21 to 40, accounting for 69.2% (3114/4500). The HPV positive rate was highest in the 17 to 20-year-old group (75.0%) and the 51 to 60-year-old group (79.7%). Compared with other age groups [21 to 30 years old (60.7%), 31 to 40 years old (59.1%), 41 In the 50-year-old (59.6%) and the >60-year-old (46.4%) groups, the χ² were 20.48, 22.51, 18.86, 26.02, and 46.03, 48.89, 40.99, and 41.84, respectively, P<0.05.

The male HPV infections in Zhejiang Province are mainly type 6 and 11. The main types of male HPV infection in Zhejiang Province are type 6 and 11 and are more common in young and middle-aged people. The proportion of mixed HPV infection is high, and high and low risk mixed infection are more common.

To analyze the drug resistance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in patients under antiviral therapy with nucleoside analogues.

The patients were from the overall country of China and the specimens were tested in Guangzhou Kingmed Center for Clinical Laboratory during Jan 1, 2016 and Mar 25, 2016. The nucleoside analogues resistance genes were detected in 1507 patients with hepatitis B, and the drug resistance of six common nucleoside analogues were collected and classified.

The drug-resistance of lamivudine (LAM), telbivudine (LDT) and emtrichomes (FTC) were serious, and the drug resistance rates were 35.24 %. The drug-resistance of adefovir (ADV) and entecavir (ETV) were also high, which were 14.93 % (225/1507) and 7.70 %(116/1507), respectively. No strain resistant to tenofovir (TDF) were found in the 1507 cases.

Low drug resistance barrier drugs including lamivudine, telbivudine and emtrichomes have severe resistance. Nucleoside analogues resistance gene monitoring is effective in the formulation of drug use protocols. It has an important clinical significance to improve the prognosis of patients and track investigation of drug resistance situation to reduce or delay the production of drug resistant strains.

To investigate the prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among female outpatients in Shandong Province.

Cervical swabs of 4161 females from 171 local community hospitals and health stations from March 2014 to June 2015 were referred to Jinan KingMed Diagnostics and tested by a HPV genotyping chip, which can detect 21 HPV types using flow-through hybridization. The prevalence and genotype distribution in six age groups (101 cases in ≤20 age group, 953 cases in 21-30 age group, 1368 cases in 31-40 age group, 1262 cases in 41-50 age group, 330 cases in 51-60 age group and 56 cases in >61 age group) were documented and analyzed.

A total of 1325 cases were HPV-positive and the positive rate was 31.8%. The positive rates of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) and low-risk HPV (lrHPV) were 27.3% and 10.4% respectively. Both the prevalence of hrHPV (46.5%) and lrHPV (45.5%) was highest in ≤20-year age group, and gradually declined as age increased. The hrHPV-positive rate slightly increased in 50~60-year age group (26.1%). Similar age-specific prevalence was observed in multiple HPV infection(double or more subtype, the age-specific constituent rates were 63.9%, 44.1%, 32.8%, 32.6%, 27.7% and 26.7%, respectively), pure lrHPV infection(the age-specific constituent rates were 24.2%, 16.9%, 13.0%, 12.2%, 8.5% and 20.0%, respectively), hrHPV and lrHPV mixed infections(the age-specific constituent rates were 50.0%, 25.9%, 14.1%, 11.0%, 12.8% and 6.7%, respectively). In contrast, the percentages of single HPV(the age-specific constituent rates were 37.1%, 55.9%, 67.2%, 67.4%, 72.3% and 73.4%, respectively)and pure hrHPV infections(the age-specific constituent rates were 25.8%, 57.2%, 72.9%, 76.8%, 78.7% and 73.3%, respectively)showed an upward trend as age increased. All 21 HPV genotypes were detected (ranging from 0.1% to 18.3%). HPV16 (13.6%), HPV52 (11.1%), HPV58 (7.7%), HPV53 (6.9%) and HPV51 (4.7%) were the most common hrHPV genotypes. HPV6 (6.8%), HPV11 (5.5%) and HPV81 (5.4%) were the most common lrHPV genotypes. HPV16 was more common in single infection than in multiple infection (18.3% vs 10.7%), while HPV53 and HPV33 showed opposite distributions that they were more common in multiple infection than in single infection (4.9% vs 8.1% and 2.3% vs 4.0% respectively). The proportion of hrHPV and lrHPV mixed infection increased when the number of HPV subtype in the infection increased in these cases. 35.9% hrHPV and lrHPV mixed infections were detected in 287 two subtype infection cases, 61.6% hrHPV and lrHPV mixed infections were detected in 125 three subtype infection cases and 78.7% hrHPV and lrHPV mixed infections were detected in 80 four or more subtype infection cases.

The prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV infection are influenced by ages, number of HPV subtypes that co-infect the patients and infection modalities in Shandong Province. The characteristics of HPV infection among these female outpatients can serve as valuable reference to guide cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination programs.